2.
   2021
/  
 
( :   )
: 3     :100
:             
1.          

2.           -
 
3.           -  
 
4.              
5.         ?
6.         ?
7.   ?    ,
2.
8. 
NIEO    ? NIEO       ?
   2021
/  
 
( :   )
: 3     :100
:             
1.          

:-
   -            
    , ,          
  -  ,        ,  , ,
    '       ,  ""  , 
      
   
  

            
   
     
     ,   ,  ,
 ,      ,        
              
         
 
   
2.
     ()     
              '   
       
 ,     , 

 ,    
       
  ,     ' " ,     "  
-       -    :
          
            
          
 ,    '          
      
      
 
,     
   
      ,      :
1.   :      
 
       ,   , 
   
2.     : ,  ,   ,  
         
3.        :,    
  
 ,   ,     

 
4.       :   ,   
       
   
                
        
       '  
2.
1. --   
          , ,  
 
   
 ,      '   ,     
       ,          
              
,          
     ,
     '   
2.     
            
        
,         ,       
   ,         
 
 ,               
          
   
;  ,  ,      
 
3.  
                  
, -    
 
              
          
 
 :
      
     
   '    
2.
         ,       
     
4.  
       
   
 ,         
             '  
       
 ,           
 
     , ,     '  
 
 ,          ,  

     
 
     
         

5.   
              

 ,          ,    
         
  ,  ,        

 
            
      
6.  
    
  ,         
       
2.
        :
    
    
 
  
     
,        
      
          


7.   
        
 
, ,           
           
        '   ,  
 
   
 
            
8. -   
,     '  '    ,   - 
    
   :
- 
-  (...)
 
  
       ,     , 
      
           
 
2.
9.   
             :
 

 


      
      
 
 ,           
   
      
 ,      -    
      
       :
          
       
        
     
  ,  ,     
    
  ,   
        

               
       , , ,   
       
2.
    -          ,   
    -      ,   
   
 ,          -   ,
  ,       , 
 
           
    
   
2.           -
 
: .      "   " 
      20
         
            , 
 -- ,        '  
1.    
  ,     :
    ,   
       ,       

             
      :   ()   ,     
        
2.       
         :
1.             
o        ,      
2.      
o         ,       
 
3.      - 
2.
o    '     ,  ,    
 
4.      
o        ,        
 
5.       '   

o          
   
 '  
6.   
o     ,       '
   , 
     - 
3.     

      :    ,     
    (       ' 
)  
        
  
 :       :  
  '   ,    ' 
IR   :      
  
4.     
      ,          

a)  '   
               
 ,         ,     
  '  
           
 
)     
      '         ,
 -,           
  
 -  ,       
c)    
2.
      ,    -    ,
,    -        ,   
      ,     " " 
d)  
                
   ,   ,            
            
e)    
:,    '   
:    ,    ' 
 :          
   
               
  
5.  
          
    
  - ,           
        ,    
       
 
  :           
 ,       ,         
   
     
     
 
          - , ,   
     ,     ,  
               
2.
3.           -  
 
:      
 
    ,  
        
       ,   ,    
   ,  ,        
    
        
 ?  
    ?    ?    ?   ?
         -       
              '  

          
   ? ()
        ,      
      
    ,  , ,
,          
  ,       ""       

,        
      
       
     '    -
 , , , ,   ,     ,
             
        :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"              
    "
          :
    
   
   
   
2.
   
,    
    '        
            ,    
        -    
1. 
           
      
 
      :
  

  (, , )
     
 ,       '      , 
          
 
                ,
     
     ,      
      
              
2.  
             '   
  
   :
 (, , )
   
 

 
2.
   ,    ,         
 
       
     
 -          
     
 ,      ,       

     
          
 
3. 
   
  -         
     :
 
  
  
,     - ,    '    
 ,         
, -              -
     -             
,     ,          
         
4.  
             

?

          :
  
   
   
2.
    
    
     '       
             ,  
     
 ,          
 
 
  ,
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   ,         
 
5.  
              
   :
   

 
  
 
       
      
 
,               
      ,       '  
   -       
  
 ,             
  
6.    
   ,              
 
2.
    :
 
 
 
 

     
           
 ,               
         
 ,    
 -     
7.  
   ,        
 
 :
   
  
  
     
 
        
 ,   ,         -  
  
 ,          ,     
 
8.    
        ,      
       '  
 
2.
    :
 
 
     
          -    -   '
   
             ,   
    
9. 
                
     :
 
 
   
  
 ,     

    
  
     ,         

       
    ,    
      - , , , ,  , ,
,   

                
   ,              
,         
           -      
 , ,           
      
2.
4.              
: :     '  
               
    ,    ,  
 '        , -  

1.    
          (    
 )    (      )  
  ,     
 1940          1990      
" "         
      

   ,   ,   ,    
  
  
            1945  "
"     
2.   
 ?
 :      ,  
        
      :     ,   
       ,       
 :        -     
,         
3.     
  :     '   ,   "
 "     
 : (1949)     ,     (1955) 
   
 :  '   ,    ,   
        
 :      ,    
(1957)      '  (1969)     
 :  (1948-49)     (1962) 
        
4.   '    
2.
a)   
        :
  (  )
  (  )
 -       '    
          
)    (NAM)  
        
      (), 
(),   ()    -   , 
       
c)     
        
   ,  -  (1968)      (SALT)
           
d)     
             :
 (1950-53)        
 (1955-75)       
 (1979-89)      ,     
   
            
e)   ' 
   -     ,   
     
           ,  
      
f)   
    
 -    
  ,       
2.
  ,    -    
         
g)   
              
,             
h)        
1991            
            , 
    
 ,  ,       
    
5.     
:   ( , )  ,
   ,    NAM 
  
: , ,        

 
  :              
 ,      ,      
  
  '     :
  -   
        
     
          
  , 1991           -
     
5.         ?
:" "        ,    
   
              
2.
 ,       ,     
     ,      
     
  - , ,     '
, 
 "   "          
     ,            
           
  
 ,  ,   ,     

 
           
 
1.     
1991           ,  -   , 
  -    -  ,     '   ,
    -     
 ,   
    
, ,  ,         '   
              
 
   ,         
  
          ,   
   
     '    
  , 
         
      
    
  ,             
 ,      ,        
-      
2.    
          ,   , ,  
 
     
 
2.
,               
                , , 
, ,     -         
     :
  
   
   
 -
,   ,  ,    
        , -19    
           
 ,              -   
 ,        
3.       
,        ,    - 
 
-   
 
          , 
     ,         , 
        
              
      
      
 
 
   
          -     
                 ,
    
   

       : ,      ; 
,         
4.    
2.
     ,   ,   ,  
        
      :
    
    
    
      
           
  , 
 ,            
         '     
   ,           
        '      
  
5.     
               ,
 ,  ,          
    
               
             ,  
     
                
 ,    ,  ,     
,     ,       

        
     
  
   ,     " "    ,  
      
6.      '   
2.
           ,   
- '  
       
      
 ,             
 
          
              
 
,          
                

,            
 
7.     
              
,          
     
 
 ,             
   ,       
    
    
  
 
 :      ' 
  
        '   
               - 
      ,      
8.    
    ,           
,          
             
      '     
 
  
            , 
      
2.

       
       
     ,  ,        
 
 
 ,     :
        
        
    
     
   
     
    
   
                
  -  ,         

6.         ?
:    -   '  
                
   
   ,  , ,   
        
      , 
    
1.    
  :         
' -           , 
        
 :         
   
 :        
 ,   
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,    '    ,     
      
2.
2.  
   :       
 -    
  :     
     
     
  :            
'   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
,         
   
3.    
:         
 
 :          
 :       
   
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
,       , 
    
 
4.    
 ' :           , 
     
  :       ,  
     
:,        
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   -          
  
    
5.   
 :       
    
 :     '     
   '    
:, ,           
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
    
 
2.
6.    
 :    ,     

:      ,      
,         
 :           -
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
   - 
7. - 
 :           '
  
 :      (   )    
 
  :      
  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   -       
8.  
  :          ,
       
  :         

 :      ,   

 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
9.    
 :         
  
  :,       '  
 :      ,  
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ""  
      
  -  
2.
        
     
 :
    
     
,    
   
   

   
-    
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        , 
,        ,  
         
7.   ?    ,
:     ()       ,
 ,           
     ,           
       ,     ,   
             
        ,         
    ,          
       ,  
,     
    
  ?
     ()      8  1985 
           , , ,
,           
  
   
2.
     :








    ,         
   ,  , ,      
         
      :
          
      
 -  
     
,      
  ,      ,      
 
 
  ?
   ,         ' 
   ,   -        

 :
       ,      
     ,      
    '   ,       
 ,             ,
 '         
2.
  
        
       

             
       :
     (SAFTA)   
  

   -    
    '  
    
      '  
,     ,        
  
             
        -   
  
1.     
           ,    
 

      ,         
    ,      ,     , 
   
 '     ,        
  ,       
 :
                 
    -      
2.     
     
   ,       
 '   
2.
         ,        
     :
      
  -   
       
  ,             
3.  
           ,   
         
       :
   
    
     
             
  
4.    
         ,      
        
    ,            ,  

 
      , -        
5.  - 
           -    
 
   :
2.
 
  
  
 
 ,         
 
  :
      -     ,     
       
6.    
             , - 
          
        ,     '    
      
7.    
     '           

   :
  
 
 
    
  ,     -      
8.  
            
         ,       
2.
  '    ,        ,    
   
9.    
       :



   

    '      ,   
     
 
  
   ,           
        '    ,    
       
   ,  :
  
  
  
  
 
     
  ,           
 

          -     
    
        
 ,        ,    
        
2.
,  ,   ,  ,    
          
 ,      
   ,     
  ,   ,         
 ,      
 :    '   
8. 
NIEO    ? NIEO       ?
:NIEO      
1970                
   (NIEO)      
   
              
   --         
1. NIEO  ?
    (NIEO) 1974     
      
    '   (    " "  
)    ,          
NIEO        ,     ' 
    
  : NIEO    ,        
 
2. NIEO  
?
NIEO                
              
3. NIEO     
a)  
             

2.
  ,          
  
   ,        ,   
  
)  
    '   (  , , )     
     
        ,       
 
              
c)     
            
       -     
 
d)   ' 
              
     
NIEO   '   '  ,        
               
e)  
     
          
   
  ,      '     
f)    
 , ,   ( )     
 
               
    
g)     
   ,         
   
2.
       '  ,     
        
h)    
    ,         
  -      ,    

   
NIEO            
4. NIEO   
 , NIEO  :
  
     
    
  '    
         
5.   
NIEO    
, 
       

,         ,
          
    -    ,  ,    - 
   
 
1970            
   (NIEO)    
    
    ,    
 ,       
      ,   ,      
     
    
,  NIEO      
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  : NIEO      '      ,
          '   
2.
"              
 
       ,       
 "